Hate crimes should not be puni essays

Despise violations ought not be puni articles Step by step instructions to keep up a solid relationship Step by step instructions to Maintain a Strong Relationship I have been involved with a person for just about two years. I realize two years isn't generally that long, yet it has been a genuine learning experience. Each relationship has its high points and low points and its great and terrible occasions. Taking a gander at different connections, I have seen that to keep up a solid relationship you need to perceive if certain attributes have been obtained. Objectives, love, and trust are the way to building a solid relationship. Consistently I think about another objective for myself to achieve. I have my objectives set out for me for what's to come. At the point when you are seeing someone, your accomplice what his/her objectives are is an excellent thing. You have to know with the goal that you dont discover five years after the fact that he is moving to live in the mountains and fish throughout the day, while your objective was to live in the enormous city and work at a law office. Individuals that will benefit some in your life are individuals who possibly share comparable objectives and individuals who have define a few objectives. Love is the notorious word that can mean a million things. As time ticks on seeing someone will begin to acknowledge whether you love him/her. Would you be able to tell if this individual will be all that you ask for from adoration? Ensure that this subject has been talked about. While talking about this point check whether your accomplice adores the discussion or is holding back to flee from it. Trust can destroy your heart. In the event that you are seeing someone needs to be there. In the event that you have any questions about him/her going out with their companions one night then the trust isn't there. Trust is the most significant piece of the relationship close to cherish. In the event that you cannot keep up trust through your relationship, at that point your relationship doesnt need to exist. Set objectives for your rela tionship, find if there is love and ensure you can confide in each other. There are such a large number of key focuses in keeping up a solid relationship. Pick th ... <!

Emotions Paper Essay

Feelings are close to home encounters that are hard wired into each and every person on the planet. However, some way or another individuals appear to have little command over them. In the wake of concentrating all the various types of feelings individuals can feel, I did a multi day stock of the feelings I encountered. In this paper, I will examine how hard or simple it is to distinguish feelings and the techniques I used to recognize my feelings. I will break down the kinds of feelings I felt and whether they were essential or auxiliary. Is it safe to say that they were the run of the mill feelings I experience each day? Do I yield to any enthusiastic deceptions? How uninhibitedly I express my feelings and what I have gained from doing this activity. During the multi day stock, I some of the time made some hard memories recognizing the feeling I was feeling. I regularly needed to allude back to the rundown of various feelings. While I took a gander at the rundown of feelings, I attempted to consider what I was feeling physiologically during that time. I analyzed my activities nonverbally and afterward intellectually I put a name on the feeling. For instance, on the principal day of my stock I got woken up before eight in the first part of the day by dubious clamors originating from my restroom. At the point when I made the way for the restroom, I discovered both of my children snickering and sprinkling in the latrine utilizing a can brush. The principal feeling I understood I felt at the time was irritation that someone woke me up so early. I perceived that because of subjective translation. The second feeling I felt in the wake of making the way for the restroom was outrage at my children for playing in my washroom despite the fact that they know better. I subjectively new it was outrage on the grounds that nonverbally I raised my voice, physiologically my pulse and breathing expanded, and after I rebuffe d them I understood my hands were shaking. Those signs persuaded that I was irritated and furious. Inside three days I encountered eleven distinct feelings. Five of those feelings were essential and six of the feelings were auxiliary. Assurance, one of the auxiliary feelings I encountered was facilitative, in light of the fact that being resolved made me need to invest more energy to complete the errand I was doing. For instance, when I was attempting to do schoolwork with my children I was resolved to complete it, so I propped up until it was finished. Dread and outrage were two feelings I encountered that are debilitative in light of the fact that I made some hard memories controlling my discerning conduct. For instance, I encountered dread on the grounds that a gigantic pooch was free at the recreation center. For brief I just solidified and gazed at it,â not doing anything until my child saw it and began shouting. That got me to begin reconsidering and we left the recreation center. The feeling of dread got debilitative for me in light of the fact that the pooch was free with no proprietor. In the event that the pooch was free yet had someone with him my feeling of dread wouldn’t have been as exceptional. Incredibly the feelings I encountered in the three days were for the most part serious. Out of the eleven feelings I encountered, just three were gentle. For instance, on the very first moment I felt cheerful about taking the children to grandpa’s house, yet I wasn’t so energized that I was bouncing all over. It was a gentle bliss. A case of my serious feeling is the point at which I blew up. On the very first moment at night of the very first moment my children would not listen when advised on various occasions to get their toys. It arrived at the point that I raised my voice at them and my hands began shaking. At that point I needed to call my significant other to media te in light of the fact that I required time to quiet down. The feelings I encountered during the stock were for the most part ordinary. In any case, there were two or three feelings that I don’t experience frequently. One of the feelings I don’t as a rule experience is being depleted. Ordinarily, I don’t feel depleted, particularly toward the evening. In the wake of inspecting why I felt that way I understood it’s in light of the fact that I was beginning to become ill. The following day, I felt another feeling I commonly don’t feel or experience frequently. I was attempting to do schoolwork and I felt hopeless on the grounds that I was feelings of queasiness and I had a fever. Regularly, when I do schoolwork I feel inspired or energized that I am nearly done. That equivalent day at night I felt vulnerable which is likewise strange for me. I felt that way since I had a huge amount of stuff I expected to do and I couldn’t do any of it. My run of the mill feelings during the day are cheerful, bothered, irritated, pleased, cherished, decided, frightened, and energized. Contemplating the subject of feelings and doing this stock caused me to acknowledge I have a few false notions I will in general fall into consistently. The principal deception that concerns me is â€Å"fallacy of approval.† For instance, when I head off to some place with my children or spouse and I need to pick what I am going to wear. I understood that a great deal of the time it takes me as long as an hour to choose in light of the fact that I need individuals to affirm of what I am wearing. The other paradox that concerns me is â€Å"fallacy of causation.† For instance, when my children are playing the commotion they make once in a while bothers me, since I need it to hush up in the house. In this way, I state to them â€Å"you folks are bothering me,† insteadâ of assuming liability and saying â€Å"I am getting aggravated with the uproarious noise.† As I would like to think I don’t express my feelings openly. Nobody has ever revealed to me that I am anything but difficult to peruse or that my feelings appear all over. When in open I just show feelings that are proper. On the off chance that I am angry at the individual or annoyed with somebody I will in general conceal my feeling until I feel great letting them know. Most unreservedly I express my feelings at home, on the grounds that that’s where I feel generally great. The least openly where I express my feelings are out in the open, as a result of the misrepresentation of endorsement. It makes a difference what individuals consider me. Doing this activity has instructed me that there are various types of feelings. Essential feelings are feelings that are hard wired into people, and optional feelings make up essential feelings. I figured out how to break down what feeling I am feeling. I don’t think I have ever done that deliberately previously. It made me truly consider my responses, what’s occurring in my body, and how I am feeling. I took in the valence of feeling. One feeling that you would as a rule might suspect is negative can be both positive and negative. Likewise, I took in the word deception and how it identifies with feelings. Last, I took in the contrast among feeling and mind-set which I before I thought was something very similar.

Introduction of Marijuana Essay Example

Presentation of Marijuana Essay Example Presentation of Marijuana Essay Presentation of Marijuana Essay The utilization of maryjane possesses been a functioning past energy for a huge number of years, nonetheless, it didn't arrive at the United States until around 1912. A rush of Mexican migrants was entering the nation in the push to look for some kind of employment; with them came weed. The utilization of maryjane was an ordinary custom among the Mexican individuals, yet the White Americans in towns flanking Mexico saw the utilization of this specific plant from an alternate perspective. Powered with prejudice and dissatisfaction related with the absence of work for the American individuals, whites announced that the smoking of weed invigorated the Mexicans super-human and changed the individuals who smoked it into brutal killers. With the expansion in gossipy tidbits about carnage and pandemonium achieved by Mexicans on maryjane frenzies, the city chamber of El, Paso, Texas passed a law, the El Paso Ordinance of 1914, forbidding the ownership of cannabis (Grass: The History of Marijuana). Thus, the guideline gave an approach to control cannabis, yet Mexicans too. THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS AND UNIFROM STATE NARCOTIC LAW Meanwhile, those Americans who didn't live in states flanking Mexico were very new to the utilization of maryjane, and were considerably more worried about the then current war on opium, morphine, cocaine, and heroin enslavement tormenting society. In the mid 1930’s the United States government concluded that these general medical problems of compulsion could be taken care of by the United States Department of Treasury, who thusly settled the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). Harry J. Anslinger was appointed as the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Anslinger was a liquor prohibitionist who accepted that â€Å"progress must be accomplished by controlling the denied driving forces of the masses†; he accepted that if laws executed in the public arena were sufficiently severe and if enough individuals were rebuffed for participating in restricted acts, general society would direct away from bad behavior. Anslinger accepted this equivalent way of thinking would work in America’s war against dope. Notwithstanding, Anslinger thought that it was difficult to control sedate use in each of the 48 states; he was just one man and during the Depression, it was hard to track down monetary sponsorship for such an accomplishment. Anslinger looked for the answer for his concern among the forty-eight conditions of America; he expected to impact each state to independently control medicate use and dealing among its residents. Anslinger wanted to do this by getting each state to consent to a joint arrangement that would submit a bit of each state’s assets to the medication control, the Uniform State Narcotic Law. In any case, just nine states concurred (New York, New Jersey, Virginia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida, and Indiana), different states accepted that the understanding permitted the central government to meddle with state undertakings (Grass, 1999). In the interim, New Orleans was a significant port city that dealt cannabis into the United States by method for West Indian mariners. It was known as muggles, tea, or reefer in the city of New Orleans, and became very mainstream among the jazz swarm in the city because of the declaration that music sounded prominently better after a â€Å"reefer stick†. Performers started to carry cannabis from New Orleans to urban communities more remote north up the Mississippi River, expanding the drug’s fame in bigger urban communities of America. With this developing fame and mindfulness, Anslinger saw focusing on weed as the way to his end; he reasoned that on the off chance that he could persuade white America that weed was a flat out hazard, the alarmed voters would push their state council to consent to his Uniform State Narcotic Law (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). The media was Anslinger’s essential weapon in driving all Americans to accept that weed was the most risky social issue that had ever confronted the nation; the utilization of pot was attached to any semblance of homicide, madness and demise; moms were advised to shield their youngsters from turning out to be captives to the medication and motion pictures were made connecting the smoking of maryjane with prompt craziness, dangerous wrath or ending it all (Grass, 1999). The antagonistic purposeful publicity in the long run got a firm handle on the brains of the American individuals, individually, each state marked the Uniform State Narcotic Law; Anslinger’s technique for misrepresentation and control went agreeing plan. THE MARIJUANA STAMP ACT A terrified America requested that society be ensured by the risk of cannabis, and looked for help inside the intensity of the government. On June 14, 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act was marked into law by President Roosevelt with no â€Å"public banter, logical request, or political objection† (Grass, 1999). The demonstration denied the ownership of any weed except if one additionally had a maryjane charge stamp which was given by the Department of Treasury, in any case, so as to get a stamp demonstration, one needed to present to specialists their measure of pot, which was illicit all by itself. Through this very deceptive type of enactment, the Department of Treasury successfully made cannabis ownership unlawful, and along these lines lead to many captures. LA GUARDIA VERSUS ANSLINGER The order of the Marijuana Stamp Act carried with it incredulity from many white Americans, particularly in the upper east district of the nation. The individuals who restricted the Stamp Act accepted that its usage carried with it the arrival of denial, a part of enactment they would not like to find in presence once more (R. Dietch, 2003). Fiorello La Guardia was the city hall leader of New York during Anslinger’s constant campaign against marijuana’s use and ownership, and he also was against restriction and the criminalization of pot. La Guardia was wary of the cases that were made by the central government according with the impacts the utilization has on the brain, and therefore lead a panel of 31 fair researchers in the examination of the physical and mental impacts weed use has on an individual. The La Guardia Committee Report was directed for a long time (1939 †1944) in which it reasoned that the impacts of weed use didn't concur with the view of the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics; an observation constrained upon and used to terrify the individuals of America. The report expressed that the utilization of cannabis didn't â€Å"lead to fierce or reserved conduct, didn't cause wild sexual inclinations, and didn't change a person’s fundamental character structure† (Grass, 1999). Likewise, dissimilar to the cases made by the national government, the data gave by the La Guardia Committee Report, entitled The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York, was upheld by logical proof and declaration from maryjane clients (R. Deitch, 2003). Because of the risk of his validity, Anslinger had the report defamed and wrecked all duplicates that he had the option to acquire; he marked the creators as â€Å"dangerous men† and alluded to the proof in the report as â€Å"giddy human science and clinical mumbo-jumbo† (M. Corner, 2005). The decided Anslinger didn't permit the situations of science to veer from him from his course; he focused on the savage good impact of on-screen characters and performer in media outlets, â€Å"the teachers conveying its shrewd gospel to the world† (M. Corner, 2005). Anslinger got control over film contracts, however pilot and book contracts too; he oversaw the film business and burned through $220 million in the creation of movies that bolstered his perspectives corresponding to the perilous impacts pot could have on one’s life. Artists were likewise focused on, particularly dark jazz performers; he accepted dark jazz artists were the wellspring of this reefer wickedness, and white pot smokers were simply adulterated by dark impact through their standard music (M. Stall, 2005). RED CHINA AND THE NARCOTIC CONTROL ACT OF 1956 With the methodology of the 1950s, the quantity of heroin addicts was expanding, particularly among youthful teenagers. Wrongdoings of robbery were high among these strung out youngsters who went to illicit acts with an end goal to help their medication propensity. Anslinger and the government saw an open door in this new heroin fever, and considered pot utilize the purpose behind the expansion in heroin addicts; â€Å"if you smoke it, you will end up being a heroin addict† (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). With the new manufactured relationship among pot and heroin, harder laws and more prominent punishments were requested by general society for all medication offenses. Anslinger rushed to play on the developing trepidation of socialism among the American individuals; he started to announce that behind each opiate sedate vendor was a socialist â€Å"ready to topple the government† (Grass, 1999). Anslinger shrewdly connected China as the immediate wellspring of the sedatives that such a significant number of American individuals were getting dependent on; it was accepted by the open that â€Å"Red China† was attempting to invade America through the heroin needle (L. Sloman, 1998). In an exertion not to show up broadly feeble amidst a virus war and during the risk of the Red Menace, and with no physical proof that the Chinese were behind the ascent of sedatives in the United States, Truman marked the Boggs Act of 1951 which actualized required least sentences for all medication offenses. THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF MARIJUANA The death of the Boggs demonstration was trailed by the section of the Narcotic Control Act of 1956, which set pot in a similar class as heroin; the obligatory least sentence for ownership of pot could bring about 2 †10 years in jail (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). A few states set considerably harsher disciplines for the ownership o

The treatment of organ rejection with immunosuppressive medication a discussion - Free Essay Example

Since the pioneering experiments of allograft heart transplantation by Christiaan Barnard in 1967, there have been significant advances in the development of human organ transplantation. Indeed, over 35,000 patients in both the US and Europe benefit annually from organ transplantation (Hampton, 2005). Through the transplantation and engraftment of these organs, not only can biological function of organs be restored, but also the quality of life of recipients can be greatly increased. As a result the number of transplantation operations carried out each year has increase exponentially over the past decades. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, the hurdle of immunological rejection by the host of transplanted organs still remains a current obstacle. This represents a challenge both scientifically and clinically and, as a result, is a focus of both the medical and scientific communities. Over the past 60 years, there has been an exponential increase in the development of immunosuppressive drugs in order to treat organ rejection, as well as autoimmune diseases (Gummert et al. 1999). These drugs seek to suppress various components of the immune system in order to prevent rejection in the context of organ transplantation. This essay seeks to examine the broad immunology of transplantation as well as the different classes of immunosuppressive drugs and their associated benefits and side effects. Transplantation is broadly defined as the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. In the context of organ transplantation, this is generally from one person to another, with transplantation classed as either from a living donor or cadaveric. Although less common, there has been some attempt to transplant organs from other animals, known as xenografts. This was initially attempted given the lack of availability of human donor organs. However, as transplantation occurs between two immunologically distinct persons, a degree of immunological mismatch occurs. Due to this mismatch, the host immune system recognises the donor organ as foreign and, as a result, activates various arms of the immune system. Several types of immune rejection can occur in individuals undergoing organ transplantation. Hyperacute rejection occurs when pre-existing antibodies within the host against donor antigens attack the graft and result in rapid rejection of the graft, typically within a few hours (Murphy et al. 2010). This results in rapid declining function of the graft and is often non-reversible, thereby causing the recipient to lose the graft. In contrast, acute rejection occurs within six months following transplantation and is the result of activated T cells against donor antigens (Murphy et al. 2010). The third type of rejection is known as chronic rejection and, as the name suggests, occurs years after transplantation and is mediated by both antibodies and T cells. In order to encourage graft survival, and prevent the aforementioned from occurring, effective regimes in order to suppress these immune responses have been developed, although as outlined, they often come with significant side effects. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, are commonly used in immunosuppressive regimes. These drugs seek to prevent rejection by suppressing various arms of the immune system including T cells, B cells, macrophages, granulocytes and monocytes (Steiner and Awdishu, 2011). These drugs are, therefore considered t o be relatively non-specific and highly potent leading to a range of side effects. Glucocorticoids exert their effects by regulating the activity and expression of various cytokines through inhibition of intracellular signalling pathways such as NF-kB. Through modulation of this complex signalling pathway, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha are greatly reduced (Schacke et al. 2002). Although these drugs feature heavily in clinical practice, they are associated with a significant number of side effects. Prolonged glucocorticoid use can lead to Cushings syndrome: a constellation of symptoms characterised by increased central adiposity, buffalo hump, osteoporosis and a round face (Schacke et al. 2002). These symptoms are due to excess exogenous cortisol within the body and therefore have multiple endocrinological effects on various physiological processes. The concentration of such drugs are therefore closely monitored and patients are encoura ged to monitor for symptoms suggestive of Cushings syndrome. As well as glucocorticoids, drugs known as antimetabolites are frequently used in immunosuppressive regimes. These drugs, such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine, amongst others, were originally developed in the 1950s, but remain used to this day. Azathioprine is commonly used for liver and kidney transplantation (Germani et al. 2009), as well as for the treatment of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (Whisnant and Pelkey, 1982). Antimetabolites exert their immunosuppressive effects by blocking the synthesis of purine within cells (Murphy et al. 2010). Through the blockage of purine synthesis, DNA replication is unable to take place, thereby preventing expansion of rapidly dividing cells within the immune system. Through the blockade of T and B cell expansion, the level of rejection against organ transplants can be controlled. One considerable side effect associated with the use of azathioprine is the increased risk of skin cancer. A relatively recent review by Ulrich and Stockfleth (2006) has shown that sunlight exposure, pre and post transplantation in patients using azathioprine, correlates with an increased incidence of skin cancer. As exposure to UVA light damages skin cells: these cells are unable to undergo repair following damage, due to inhibition of DNA replication from azathioprine. In the long term, this accumulation of damage results in the increased propensity for patients to develop skin cancer. Current clinical guidelines suggest that clinicians discourage patients in spending prolonged periods of time in the sun following transplantation (Perrett et al. 2008). Along with these classes, of drugs, another category of immunosuppressive medications, known as calcineurin inhibitors, also work efficaciously in organ transplantation. These drugs, which include tacrolimus and cyclosporine, act by inhibiting the protein calcineurin. Calcineurin in activated following the presentation of an antigen by an antigen presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell or macrophage, to a T cell, resulting from an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium (Reynolds and Al-Daraji, 2002). Following the activation of calcineurin, there is an increase in the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), which causes the activation of T cells. As a result, this further propagates an immune response. Calcineurin inhibitors are, therefore, useful in dampening an immune response, preventing the activation of T cells against a transplanted organ. Calcineurin inhibitors are popular drugs used in renal transplantation. However, evidence over the past decade has suggested that drugs such as tacrolimus may induce renal failure in some patients (Ponticelli, 2000). Obviously this a key consideration when considering patients who already have poor renal function to being with. As a result, these drugs are often combined with other immunosuppressive agents and tailored to the lowest dosage possible. The understanding into the way in which the immune system functions has been exploited over the past thirty years with the development of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies were first developed in the 1970s through the fusion of rapidly proliferative myeloma cells with B cells to produce hybridomas (Liu, 2014). Antibodies are protein molecules that have a specific antigen-binding region enabling them to have a high degree of specificity. Antibodies have, therefore, been exploited therapeutically in order to target pathogenic molecules within the body. Recently, monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target various components of the immune responses in order to modulate organ rejection seen in patients. In particular, monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target T and B cells. Some examples of these therapeutics are discussed below. Muromonab is a monoclonal antibody, which is specific for cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), a molecule found primarily on T cells (Murphy et al. 2010). By targeting T cells and preventing their activation against the transplanted organ, there is considerable evidence to show that this can significantly prolong the survival of the organ following transplantation, compared to glucocorticoid steroids (Authors not listed, 1985). However, despite the success of anti-CD3 therapy, there are substantial side effects associated with clinical use. Use of anti-CD3 has been associated with severe fever in patients, as well as the unwanted release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Norman et al. 2000). As a result the use of anti-CD3 has declined in clinical practice and is reserved for treatment resistant cases of organ rejection. As well as muromonab, another mainstay treatment for organ rejection are antibodies directed against cluster of differentiation number 25 (CD25). Organ rejection is heavily mediated by T cells, in combination with other arms of the immune system (Ingulli, 2010) . When activated, T cells produce large amounts of IL-2, a cytokine that acts in an autocrine fashion to further expand T cells via the IL-2 receptor CD25. Therefore, blockade of CD25 with a monoclonal antibody was hypothesised to offer a novel target in treating immunological rejection by T cells. As a result, daclizumab was developed and was shown by Vincenti et al. in 1998 to be a successful tool in treating renal transplantation compared to using a combination therapy of cyclosporine, azathioprine and corticosteroids. Furthermore, more long term studies have examined the function of renal transplants and concluded that patients on daclizumab showed improved renal function, as established by estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Ferran et al. 1990). However, like other pharmacological treatments, daclizumab has also been shown to cause a significant number of side effects such as hypertension and insomnia (EPAR for Zenapax). More recently, the scientific community has so ught to develop more refined immunological tools in order to modulate rejection. Through the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting cluster of differentiation 52 (CD52), clinicians are able to target lymphocytes for destruction, sparing the destruction of resident haematopoetic stem cell populations (Flynn and Byrd, 2000). Anti-CD52 drugs were originally developed for multiple sclerosis (Coles et al. 2008) and trials are currently being undertaken to establish their efficacy in organ transplantation. The overarching side effect with immunosuppressive regimes is the relatively blanket level of immunosuppression which they cause. Although immunosuppression is required to maintain organ survival, immunosuppression also results in a reduced ability to fight infections. In particular, pulmonary infections are common in organ transplant patients, with Hoyo et al. (2012) detailing that around 1 in 5 patients in their study developed pulmonary infections. It is clear that clinici ans dealing with organ transplantation patients must remain vigilant for infections. It is similarly clear, therefore, that a fine balance of the level of immunosuppression should be reached: a heavily weighted level will pre-dispose to opportunistic infections, and, conversely, a lightly weighted level will result in organ rejection. With respect to future outlooks in transplantation immunology, the development of pluripotent stem cells has been hypothesised to overcome immunological issues associated with organ transplantation. Through the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) developed by Takahashi et al. (2006) it has been shown that it is possible to differentiate nearly all existing cell types. As these cells are derived from the patient, they are immunologically matched to the individual and, as a result, patients would not require harsh immunosuppressive regimes. Although this technology has not been tested clinically in patients extensively yet, it is hoped t hat within the next twenty years this method will provide an unlimited source of organ replacement for patients. Use of such cells is currently being explored for regeneration of certain organs such as the heart (Masumoto, 2014). Use of these cells will require a significant amount of clinical testing to determine their immunological properties, as well as their propensity to develop into tumours. It is likely, therefore, that the clinical applications of stem cells are still many years away. In conclusion, despite significant improvements in targeted immunosuppressive regimes, significant side effects are associated with current pharmacological treatments. Clearly, as patients treated with these agents are often susceptible to opportunistic infections, their progress must be monitored closely by a clinician who is familiar with such patients, and the complications they can present with. Through our increased understanding of the immune system, alongside new technologies such as stem cell replacement therapy, it is hoped that the immunological issues associated with organ transplantation will in the near future be overcome. Bibliography Authors not listed (1985) A randomized clinical trial of OKT3 monoclonal antibody for acute rejection of cadaveric renal transplants. Ortho Multicenter Transplant Study Group. N Engl J Med. 313:337à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"342 Coles, A., Lake, S. and Moran, S. (2008) Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. NEJM. 359: 1786-1801. EPAR for Zenapax. European Medicines Agency. 2007. https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/000198/WC500057570.pdf Gummert, J., Ikonen, T. and Morris, R. (1999) Newer immunosuppressive drugs: a review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 10(6):1366-80. Hoyo, I. Sanclemenete, G., Cervera, C. (2012) Opportunistic pulmonary infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. ;44(9):2673-5 Ferran, C., Dy, M., Merite, S., Sheehan, K., Schreiber, R., Leboulenger, F. (1990) Reduction of morbidity and cytokine release in anti-CD3 MoAb-treated mice by corticosteroids. Transplantation. 50:642à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"648. Flynn, J. and Byrd, J. (2000) Campath1H monoclonal antibody therapy. Current. Opinion in Oncology. 12(6) 574-581. Germani, G., Tschochatiz, E., Adreana, L. and Burroughs, A. (2009) Azathioprine in liver transplantation: a reevaluation of its use and a comparison with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Transplant. 9(8):1725-3 Hampton, T. (2005) Skin cancers ranks rise: immunosuppression to blame. JAMA. 294: 1476-1480. Ingulli, E. (2010) Mechanism of cellular rejection in transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 25(1): 61à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"74. Liu, J. (2014) The history of monoclonal antibody development à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Progress, remaining challenges and future innovations. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 3(4): 113à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"116. Masumoto, H., Ikeda, T., Okano, T., Sakata, R. and Yamashita, J. (2014) Human iPS cell-engineered cardiac tissue sheets with cardiomyocytes and vascular cells for cardiac regeneration. Scientific Reports. 4: 6716/ Murphy KM, P Trave rs, M Walport (Eds.) (2010) Janeways Immunobiology. 8th Edition. New York:Taylor Francis, Inc. Norman, D. J., Vincenti, F., de Mattos, A.M., Barry, J.M., Levitt, D.J., Wedel, N.I. (2000) Phase I trial of HuM291, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody, in patients receiving renal allografts from living donors. Transplantation. 70:1707à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1712 Perrett, C., Walker, S., Warwick, J., Harwood, C., Karran, P. and McGregor, J. (2008) Azathioprine treatment photosensitizes human skin to ultraviolet A radiation. BJD. 159(1): 198-204. Ponticelli, C. (2000) Calcineurinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?inhibitors in renal transplantation. Too precious to be abandoned. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15 (9): 1307-1309. Reynolds, N. and Al-Daraji, W. (2002) Calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus: mechanisms of action and applications in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol. 27(7):555-61. Schacke, H., Docke, W. and Asadullah, K. (2002) Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 96(1): 22-43. Steiner, R. and Awdishu, L. (2011) Steroids in kidney transplantation. Semin. Immunopathol. 33(2): 157-167. Takahashi, K. and Yamanaka, S. (2006) Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors. Cell. 126(4): 663-676. Ulrich, C. and Stockfleth, E. (2007) Azathioprine, UV light, and skin cancer in organ transplant patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ do we have an answer? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 22 (4): 1027-1029 Vincenti F, Kirkman R, Light S, Bumgardner G, Pescovitz M, Halloran P. (1998) Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med. 338:161à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"165 Whisnant, J. and Pelkey, J. (1982) Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment with azathioprine (IMURAN (R)). Clinical side-effects and laboratory abnormalities. Ann Rheum Dis. 41(Suppl 1): 44à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"47.

Designing A New Automated Customer Service System

In the modern business scape, the reality for many companies is to design practices in accordance with customer expectations, specifically with regards to the ever-increasing need for digital options. This is the case for many industries, with many pondering on how to go about addressing the issue. Bogers Media is one such company to have taken the liberty of not only addressing but also designing, with the intent to implement, a new automated customer service system based on machine learning. Of course, this is not the first of its kind but, if used correctly, it may be among the first in Bogers’ particular industry. Automated customer service systems have been integrated into various companies’ strategies yielding optimal results. Starbucks saw a measurable profit increase after implementing their Mobile Order and Pay program. It goes without saying the essentiality of observing what others have done in this field, inciting an understanding of the risks and challenges associated with such an endeavor. For this purpose, let us observe the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and their virtual representative, Cosmo. Due to the size of their catalogue, the NLM had integrated Cosmo as an addition to their already present call centre to streamline the process with those who had simpler and/or fewer questions to ask. According to representatives of the NLM, the advantages of this system include â€Å"a simpler navigation tool, an alternative for people who preferShow MoreRelatedThe Development of Operation Management Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesOperation Management Operations management refers to the management of all activities directly involved in the creation of goods/services through the conversion of inputs into output. 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Analysis Of A Doll s House - 1005 Words

A Doll’s House is an iconic play focusing on the themes of respect and reputation, lies and deceit, men and masculinity, and women and femininity. It emphasizes physical aspects of women, while excluding influence on the men s appearance, giving insight into the time period. It shows how society judged others while presenting information about how reputation influenced relationships and marriage, leaving the audience pondering what would have happened to the Helmer family if Nora had been unattractive. Both men and women were harshly judged, in different ways, and this judgment impacted relationships and how they functioned. From analysis of the play, the audience can gather that the people of the time period were very materialistic. The female roles in the play are objectified, and treated like play things. The husband of the protagonist, Torvald, tells Nora â€Å"Why shouldn t I look at my dearest treasure? ­Ã‚ ­at all the beauty that is mine, all my very own?† (Ibsen, 62). He is possessive of Nora, and claims that her beauty is all his and his only, implying that he owns her. As one of the few male characters of the play, his actions and personality reflect on the mentality of other men during the time period. Torvald’s attitude towards her is contrasted with that of Dr. Rank. Dr. Rank treats her as an equal and adores her presence, not just her appearance, which is made clear when he comments that she should attend the next costume party as a good fairy, but also mentions thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Doll s House 1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of being a husband in both A D oll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Fences by August Wilson is failed to a certain extent due to the fact that they cannot meet the expectations of their wives. By failing to do so, they both damage their relationships. In Fences, we learn that Troy Maxon’s failure as a husband started when he cheated on his wife, Rose, with another woman, who soon became pregnant with his child. 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Abigail’s desire to acquire John is shown in her manipulation of the court and this leads to many unfair deaths by hanging and various names left tarnished all because of Abigail’s lust for one man. In ‘A doll’s house’ female deceit is presented within the character of Nora her deceit radiates throughout the play and is recognised from the very beginning as she and her husband, Torvald, are quarrelling about who eat a portion of macaroons. The fact the audienceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie A Doll s House 877 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a British movie filmed in 1973. Nora has spent her enter life living under the rules of her late father and authoritarian husband, Torvald. Years earlier Nora committed forgery by signing her father’s name in order to borrow money from a man named Krogstad. Nora’s husband was dying and she needed the money to take a trip to Italy to save him. Now she is being blackmailed and lives in fear of her husband discovering what she has done. 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With a widespread acknowledgment of the female being inferior, women began to accept their lesser status. Female critics â€Å"look at the depiction of women in male texts in an effort to reveal the misogyny (negative attitudes towards women) lurking there† (Dobie 106). This means critics look at mistreated women in texts. Such as blanks, unfinished sentences, and even silences. Henrick Ibsen’s, A Doll’s House, ca ptures

Elasticity Economics Theory and Applications

Question: Discuss about the Elasticity Economics for Theory and Applications. Answer: Introduction: The place where transaction of goods, commodities and services takes place has been termed as market in economics. In other words, it is the place where interaction and trade between the two major groups namely the buyer and seller takes place. Market is the basic and very important concept in economics. It is the place where equilibrium is restored between the demand and the supply of goods and commodities. According to Pigou (2013) if the market is allowed to operate under free hand, any economy is able to reach its equilibrium stage and retain the position. Price of any commodity is decided here with the help of price mechanism (Mankiw 2014). Assuming that the market is operating under free hand and laissez faire the way in which equilibrium is maintained through price mechanism has been shown in the diagram below: In the given figure, DD and SS are the demand and supply curves respectively intersecting at point E and giving the economy the equilibrium output Qo and price Po. Let it be assumed that due to some reason the price has escalated to P1. When the economy is allowed to work under free hand, the quantity demanded is going to be Q1 whereas the quantity supplied Q2. In other words there is going to be an excess supply of (Q2-Q1) within the economy and hence the sellers will be forced to reduce the price to get their products sold. Similar incidence happens if price is below Po where due to excess demand the sellers get the power to increase the price. In any of this scenario the price mechanism works and equilibrium is restored at price Po. The given two cases talks about the ways in which peoples choices are determined while they decide to purchase and goods. People always have non-satiated wants but are restricted by the availability of resources and hence needs to make choices guided by certain criterion (Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). Those assumptions are: Consumers are rationale Consumer are non-satiated There is availability of other goods either substitute or compliment People have perfect information Existence of laissez faire and ceteris paribus Assuming the existence of these basic assumptions, the two cases has been discussed below. Beef and Lamb are two kinds of meat serving the same purpose and can be considered as substitute commodity. Hence, when price of beef rises from Po to P1, the quantity of beef demanded falls and the quantity of lamb demanded increases from Qo to Q1. That is the demand curve of the substitute good lamb is going to be upward sloping when constructed against the price of beef. A meal at a restaurant is not a necessity good but it does falls under normal goods. Hence, with the fall in price of food item there is going to be a increase in demand for restaurant meal as shown in the above figure. On other hand with the increase in income of people (from Yo to Y1), there is an increase in the number of visit in restaurant (from Qo to Q1). In other words, there is a positive relation between the income earned and demand for restaurant meals. The table below has been constructed to show the total revenue generated at each step and the change in the elasticity for demand in the economy for that particular good. The total revenue has been calculated as the product of the total quantity sold and the price charged per unit of the good at that stage (Saada 2013). On other hand, the elasticity of demand which highlights the responsiveness of the goods with respect to the variation in the price has been calculated by the following formula (Sowell 2014): Price Quantity demanded Elasticity Total revenue $10 10,000 -3 100,000 $9 13,000 -2.76 117,000 $8 17,000 -2.35 136,000 $7 22,000 -0.95 154,000 $6 25,000 150,000 Table 1: Relation between TR Elasticity Source: Created by the Author The elasticity is interpreted by taking the absolute value of that column. Hence, at price $10 the good is highly elastic in nature and as the price declined the elasticity of the goods declined too. Another thing that can be observed is that with the decrease in price of the good the revenue generated increased. Hence it can be stated from the table that theres an inverse relation between the TR and the elasticity of the good. As TR increases with decrease in the price of goods, the elasticity of the good gets reduced. Martha, an experienced pastry Chef went for one year leave and had to forgo $60,000 salary. She earned net revenue of $ 80,000 from publication of books and magazines. The profit she earned has been analyzed from two different views as follows: Rent $6000 Cost of computer $4000 Forgone Interest $400 Stationary $2000 Total $124,00 Table 2: Direct Cost incurred by Martha Source: Created by the Author Accountants View Economists View Revenue $80,000 Revenue $80,000 Direct Cost $12,400 Costs (Opportunity + Direct) $ 72400 Profit $ 676,00 Profit $ 7,600 Table 3: Profit of Martha Source: Created by the Author References: Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Pigou, A.C., 2013.The economics of welfare. Palgrave Macmillan. Saada, A.S., 2013.Elasticity: theory and applications(Vol. 16). Elsevier. Sowell, T., 2014.Basic economics. Basic Books.